Time Optimization in Guidance by replusion

The system includes two particles, the driver and the evader. The objective of the control is to ‘make the evader (ue) passes some point u_f’.

Model

The dynamics are in two-dimensional space, where ‘ud’ and ‘ue’ are positions of the driver and evaders, and ‘vd’ and ‘ve’ are velocities of them. Then, the dynamics are given by relative interactions,

for some interactions kernels ‘f_d’ and ‘f_e’. We may describe it as follows:

Y = sym('y',[8 1]); %% States vectors for positions and velocities
ud = Y(1:2); ue = Y(3:4); vd = Y(5:6); ve = Y(7:8);

U = sym('u',[2 1]);
kappa = U(1); %% Control function of the original problem

ur = ud-ue; %% Relative position, driver - evader

f_e2 = @(x) (2./x);
f_d2 = @(x) -(-5.5./x+10./x.^2-2);
nu_e = 2.0;
nu_d = 2.0;

%% Dynamics
dot_ud = vd;
dot_ue = ve;
dot_vd = -f_d2(ur.'*ur)*ur - nu_d*vd + kappa * [-ur(2);ur(1)];
dot_ve = -f_e2(ur.'*ur)*ur - nu_e*ve;


The control function is the only argument we can use for minimization. For time minimization, we set U(2) as a time variable T(s) for s in [0,1]. Therefore, this implies that we use the time-scaling

from the original equation with t to the equation with s. Then, we need to multiply T(s) on the equation, and the final time is calculated by

In this way, we have flexible final time $T_f$ based on non-negative function T(s).

T = U(2); %% Time-scaling from s to t
F = [dot_ud;dot_ue;dot_vd;dot_ve]*T; %% Multiply original velocities with time-scaling T(s).
syms t
Params = sym.empty;
F_hd = matlabFunction(F,'Vars',{t,Y,U,Params});
dt = 0.1; %% Numerical time discretization
dynamics = ode(F_hd,Y,U,'FinalTime',1,'Nt',30);

%% ud = (-3,0), ue = (0,0), and zero velocities initially.
dynamics.InitialCondition = [-3;0;0;0;0;0;0;0];

%% Known solution : T=5.1725, kappa = 1.5662 leads the evader close to uf = [-1;1].
%% Initiall guess based on the known solution to make ue(T)=uf.
tline = dynamics.tspan;
U0_tline = [1.5662*ones(size(tline));5.1725*ones(size(tline))]';
uf = [-1;1];

dynamics.Control.Numeric = U0_tline;

options = odeset('RelTol',1e-6,'AbsTol',1e-6);
%% dynamics.Solver=@ode45;
%% dynamics.SolverParameters={options};
dynamics.Solver=@eulere;


Trajectories from initial guess

Test the initial guess on the control, ‘U0_tline’.

solve(dynamics);

Y_tline = dynamics.StateVector.Numeric;
figure();
plot(Y_tline(:,1),Y_tline(:,2),'b-');
hold on
plot(Y_tline(:,3),Y_tline(:,4),'r-');

j=1;
plot(Y_tline(j,1),Y_tline(j,2),'bs');
plot(Y_tline(j,3),Y_tline(j,4),'rs');

plot(Y_tline(end,1),Y_tline(end,2),'bo');
plot(Y_tline(end,3),Y_tline(end,4),'ro');
plot(uf(1),uf(2),'ks','MarkerSize',20)
hold off
xlabel('abscissa')
ylabel('ordinate')


Cost with time minimization

We set the cost with (1. closedness of the target), (2. final time), and (3. regularization on control). Hence, we may define the cost:

Psi = 1*(ue-uf).'*(ue-uf);
Psi_hd = matlabFunction(Psi,'Vars',{t,Y});
L   = 0.1*T + 0.001*(kappa.'*kappa)*T;
L_hd   = matlabFunction(L,'Vars',{t,Y,U});

iP = Pontryagin(dynamics,Psi_hd,L_hd);

%%Constraints on the control : Time should be nonnegative
iP.Constraints.Projector = @(Utline) [Utline(:,1),0.5*(Utline(:,end)+abs(Utline(:,end)))];

figure(2);

temp = iP.Solution.UOptimal;


Solve with precision:

We obtain: J(u) = 4.131144E-01

error = 7.827201E-05

With 38 iterations,     In 2.2823 seconds



Visualization

Two importants points in the result: 1. The time should be calculated in terms of t, not s. 2. We need to know the cost components separately.

UO_tline = iP.Solution.UOptimal;    %% Controls
YO_tline = iP.Solution.Yhistory(end);
YO_tline = YO_tline{1};   %% Trajectories
JO = iP.Solution.JOptimal;    %% Cost
zz = YO_tline;
tline_UO = dt*cumtrapz(UO_tline(:,end)); %% timeline based on the values of t, which is the integration of T(s)ds.

f1 = figure('position', [0, 0, 1000, 400]);

%% Cost calcultaion
Final_Time = tline_UO(end);

Final_Position = [zz(end,3);zz(end,4)];
Final_Psi = (Final_Position - uf).'*(Final_Position - uf);

Final_Reg = cumtrapz(tline_UO,UO_tline(:,1).^2);
Final_Reg = Final_Reg(end);

%% Trajectories
subplot(1,2,1)
hold on
plot(zz(:,1),zz(:,2),'b-','LineWidth',1.3);
plot(zz(:,3),zz(:,4),'r-','LineWidth',1.3);
j=1;
plot(zz(j,1),zz(j,2),'bs');
plot(zz(j,3),zz(j,4),'rs');

plot(zz(end,1),zz(end,2),'bo');
plot(zz(end,3),zz(end,4),'ro');
plot(uf(1),uf(2),'ks','MarkerSize',20)
xlabel('abscissa')
ylabel('ordinate')
title(['Final position = (', num2str(Final_Position(1)),',',num2str(Final_Position(2)),')'])

%% Control function
subplot(1,2,2)

plot(tline_UO,UO_tline(:,1),'LineWidth',1.3)
xlim([0 tline_UO(end)])
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Control \kappa(t)')
legend(['Total Time = ',num2str(tline_UO(end))])

title(['Cost = ',num2str(Final_Psi),' + 0.1*',num2str(Final_Time),' + 0.001*',num2str(Final_Reg),' = ',num2str(JO)])